The Thirteen Roses Tragedy in Madrid
The Thirteen Roses Tragedy in MadridThe bitter story of thirteen women who were tortured and executed by the nationalist...
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The Thirteen Roses Tragedy in Madrid
The bitter story of thirteen women who were tortured and executed by the nationalist regime. The public remembers them with the nickname "La Treces Rosas" aka the Thirteen Roses.
“RAPIDO, rapido!” a warden officer shouted an order that broke the silence of the night, August 5, 1939. Another line of wardens was also on alert with their rifles when 13 women one by one obeyed the order to climb into the back of a military truck in front of the Ventas Prison yard in the Ciudad Lineal District, the city of Madrid .
The 13 female political prisoners (tapol) are sure that death is about to come. Even so, fear is no longer overshadowing. Precisely when the truck started moving, one of them hummed a song of encouragement which his colleagues followed.
“ Que esté en guardia, que esté en guardia, el burgués insaciable y cruel.
Joven guardia, joven guardia, no le des paz ni cuartel.
¡Paz ni cuartel!”
The chant is the hymn of the left group, Juventud Socialista Unificada (JSU) or United Socialist Youth, entitled "La Joven Guardia". The 13 political prisoners sung it as a farewell speech to the other political prisoners who are still languishing in Ventas Prison.
They had just stopped singing when the truck stopped and the warden ordered them to get down. The rest were lined up against the walls of the Cementerio del Este (now Cementerio de la Almuneda). They held hands when they were faced with two lines of firing squad.
Such is the final act of the drama film Las 13 Rosas (2007) directed by filmmaker Emilio Martínez Lázaro. The film, adapted from the book Trece Rosas Rojas by journalist Carlos Fonseca, depicts the bitter fate of 13 women who became victims of the right-wing dictator Francisco Franco's regime shortly after the end of the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936-1 April 1939).
Every August 5, the Fundácion Treces Rosas social foundation routinely holds a memorial in honor of the 13 female martyrs on the wall of the cemetery, where the names of the 13 martyrs are enshrined through a plaque. Until now, the public remembers the 13 martyrs with the nickname "Las Treces Rosas" aka the Thirteen Roses. The "rose" metaphor, said Kajsa C. Larson in her dissertation entitled Remembering the Thirteen Roses: Thinking between History and Memory , refers to metonymic examples of Franco's brutality towards activists who struggle to uphold democracy.
“In the 21st century, the term 'rose' refers to female martyrs in the context of the Spanish Civil War. Like the story of 'La Rosa de Salamanca' or 'Las Tres Rosas Leonesas' before. After Franco's death (20 November) 1975, 'Thirteen Roses' became one of the buzzwords for communicating to the public an extreme example of post-war horrors,” Larson wrote.
What and Who are the Thirteen Roses?
The city of Madrid was not immediately sheltered by peace, even though Franco and his nationalist troops were defeated in the war. Three months after the war, tension, terror and fear were widespread in the Spanish capital.
“Republican and leftist leaders had already fled Spain, leaving the remnants of their organizations in the hands of insignificant activists and militias. José Pena, secretary general of the JSU provincial committee, was also arrested at the end of July. Unable to bear the torture, Pena gave up and gave the names of many leftist activists he knew were still hiding in the city of Madrid," said Fonseca.
A wave of raids and arrests began in May-August 1939 as Franco's steps to rid the capital of the remnants of his political opponents. He entrusted this step to General Eugenio Espinosa de los Monteros, military governor of the city of Madrid cum Commander of the 1st Corps of the Army. Many of those political prisoners, including 13 roses, were later executed in Franco's "Saca de Agosto" campaign.The 13 Roses are part of 43 young leftists who were accused of being subversive because they had the potential to rebel against the Franco nationalist government. Many of these youths are still underage because before 1943, the adult category in Spain started at the age of 23.
More than half of the 13 Mawar members themselves are underage. They are Luisa Rodríguez de la Fuente (18 years), Virtudes González García (18), Victoria Muñoz García (19), Julia Conesa Conesa (19), Adelina García Casillas (19), Dionisia Manzanero Salas (20), Elena Gil Olaya (20), Ana López Gallego (21), Martina Barroso García (22), Joaquina López Laffite (23), Carmen Barrero Aguado (24), Pilar Bueno Ibáñez (27), and Blanca Brissac Vázquez (29).
But not all of the 13 women are JSU or Partido Comunista de España (PCE) activists. The most senior Blanca Brissac Vázquez, for example. She was arrested with her husband, Enrique García Mazas, on 24 May 1939 and placed in a separate prison.
“Blanca is a figure who in fact is not a political figure or an active activist. Blanca was an innocent woman, a mother who loved her son, a dutiful wife and a devout Catholic," continued Larson.
The only indication of the couple's association with leftists is the good friendship between musician Enrique García and Juan Canepa, an anti-Franco communist militant.
Blanca and her husband are just a devout Catholic couple. Both of them had even supported right-wing groups in the 1936 Spanish elections or two months before the war broke out.
“But that (Mazas-Canepa) friendship had a big impact on them. Then an acquaintance of Blanca's, Manuela de la Hera, was annoyed at giving wrong information about Blanca to the police because it was said that Blanca was involved in a plot that planned to kill Franco. These accusations actually existed only in the complainant's imagination,” said Fonseca.
Meanwhile, when Carmen Barrero Aguado was arrested on May 16, 1939, she was no longer an active PCE cadre. He was arrested while working as a tailor, a job he chose after leaving PCE because he had to become the backbone of his family after his father's death.
Similar is not the case with Julia Conesa who was arrested (mid-May 1939) while working as a tailor. He had become a JSU cadre in 1937 but then left because he had to support his family. Before becoming a tailor, Julia had worked as a bus conductor.
He was arrested because his girlfriend's friends found out that Julia had been a member of JSU. Apart from the three names above, the remaining 10 were JSU and PCE militant activists when they were picked up and taken to the Ventas Prison which specifically accommodates women political prisoners.
After weeks of torture in Ventas Prison, they began appearing at the Consejo Permanente de Guerra trial on August 3 along with 55 male political prisoners. They were charged with aiding the rebellion, conspiring and plotting to kill Franco. They were forced to admit it, until a day later they were sentenced to death.
Until the day of their execution on August 5, none of the 13 Roses were allowed to see their relatives or families. The only way to convey the last words is through a letter left in their cell before being transported to the execution site.
"My name will not be erased in history," wrote Julia in a letter addressed to her mother.
Meanwhile, in her last letter to her 11-year-old son, Enrique, Blanca wrote: “My dear son, I thought of you at the last moment. I'm sorry mom if I ever made you angry. Remember us as respected parents. Mother will die with her head held high. Be an example to your Papa, a hard worker and able to endure patiently. Don't forget the memory of your parents. Go to Holy Communion, prepared, with the firm faith that Mother taught you. My dear son, see you later. My love will remain eternal. Blanca."
The Pain of Living in the Shackles of Slavery and Concubinage
The story of Catharina van Bengalen's life as a mortgagee and concubine illustrates how slavery and concubinage snares.
SLAVERY was commonplace in colonial society during the VOC era. Her presence is needed to do household tasks, such as being a waitress, lighting worker, washerwoman, tailor to cook. Not a few slaves were also employed by the company to dig canals, build roads, erect new buildings, and become iron and woodworkers under the supervision of carpentry experts from Europe in the workshops at the Batavia castle.
The importance of the role of slaves was not only seen from their work, but slaves were also a measure of a person's wealth, especially the European population. Historian Susan Blackburn in Jakarta: 400 Years of History said that most of the slaves belonging to Europeans were generally used as accompaniments to show off wealth. "The very richest people could own a hundred slaves or more," said Susan.
Slaves with special skills such as tending horses, mowing grass and tending crops were generally valued more highly,” wrote Dukut. "Meanwhile, women, apart from their appearance, can be highly valued if they have expertise in cooking or sewing."
Despite having an important role in people's lives, the lives of slaves were inversely proportional to those of their owners. Historian Jean Gelman Taylor in Social Life in Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in the East Indies wrote that most slaves died as slaves, were malnourished, had no proper shelter and lacked clothing.
They also often receive severe punishment for violating the rules or fighting their employers. Only a few slaves were given extra wages on top of their food rations, and the few who had a salary were able to buy their freedom. Even so, some were released because of the mercy of their owners.
“Free slaves are under the rule of the government just like free citizens. They need permission to stay, marry and have an obligation to join a civilian militia,” Taylor wrote.
However, the condition of European society which was dominated by male immigrants raised hopes for a better life for a number of female slaves. In the early years of Dutch settlement, for some Asian women, the change from slave to mistress of the house was swift. This hope did not completely disappear, although in the following years European men preferred to marry Eurasian women or European women in their home countries, who then sailed to the colonies to live with their husbands.
Unfortunately, according to Hendrik E. Niemeijer in Batavia: Colonial Society of the XVII Century , life as a mortgagee and concubine rarely provided long-term security. “Often such a life is full of surprises and changeable circumstances,” writes Niemeijer.
The Pain of Living in the Shackles of Slavery and Concubinage
The Pain of Living in the Shackles of Slavery and ConcubinageThe story of Catharina van Bengalen's life as a mortgagee...
Cadets "Sakti" from Timor
In a close combat, the East Timorese officer was not shot by a Dutch patrol. Considered sacred.
Julius Henuhili is one of the few sons from Rote Island who has had a successful career in the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). With the last rank of lieutenant general, Julius has certainly received various assignments and held various positions from the lowest to the highest military commander.
His career started after the Dutch army left the Motherland in 1950. As an anti-air attack artillery (ARSU) officer, Julius was entrusted with being the commander of the ARSU battalion from 1952 to 1954. From there his assignment shifted to SUAD and then the High Operations Command (KOTI). According to Harsya Bachtiar in Who Is a High Officer of the Indonesian National Armed Forces , from 1962 to 1965 Julius was entrusted with being the head of the Air Defense Command Staff in the Army.
Julius' highest position in the land dimension is commander of the Merdeka Military Command in North Sulawesi. He occupied this position from December 1971 to January 1974. Julius was then assigned to become the Commander General of the Indonesian Armed Forces Academy (Akabri) from December 1980 to June 1983. This position was his last position in military service. After that, he "followed" General M. Jusuf for five years who was asked to lead the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) after retiring from ABRI.
Julius' long military career was certainly not built in a year or two. He has built the foundation since he was young during the War of Independence. It was during the time of the national revolution that Julius entered the Yogyakarta Military Academy (AMY). He managed to graduate in 1948 as the first generation.
Cadets "Sakti" from Timor
Cadets "Sakti" from TimorIn a close combat, the East Timorese officer was not shot by a Dutch patrol. Considered sacred.Julius Henuhili is...
Snouck Hurgronje's Two Sides
Snouck Hurgronje is better known as a controversial figure than as an academic and scientist.
MOST Indonesians view Snouck Hurgronje as a controversial figure. Snouck's role in trying to extinguish the resistance of the Acehnese people made him considered an antagonist in the Aceh War (1873–1914).
On the other hand, the man who was born on February 8, 1857 was also known as a respected academic and orientalist. Wim van den Doel, author of the book Snouck: Biography of a Scientist Christian Snouck Hurgronje said that not a few people saw Snouck as a progressive thinker.
MOST Indonesians view Snouck Hurgronje as a controversial figure. Snouck's role in trying to extinguish the resistance of the Acehnese people made him considered an antagonist in the Aceh War (1873–1914).
On the other hand, the man who was born on February 8, 1857 was also known as a respected academic and orientalist. Wim van den Doel, author of the book Snouck: Biography of a Scientist Christian Snouck Hurgronje said that not a few people saw Snouck as a progressive thinker.
The discussion on the two sides of Snouck Hurgronje became the main theme in the book launch, mini symposium and photo exhibition titled "Admired and Despised: The Life and Works of Snouck Hurgronje" which was held at the National Library, Jakarta, Saturday (13/5/2022) . A photo exhibition featuring photos from the digital collection of the Leiden University Library, The Netherlands, will take place from 13 to 25 May 2023.
A number of figures attended as speakers at the event, including Jajat Burhanuddin, panelist from UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Jajang A. Rohmana, panelist from UIN Sunan Gunung Jati Bandung, Bonnie Triyana, panelist and chief editor of Historia.ID, and Wim van den Doel , author of the book Snouck: A Biography of Scientist Christian Snouck Hurgronje .
According to Jajat Burhanuddin, the presence of Snouck's book: Biography of Scientist Christian Snouck Hurgronje not only enriches the Indonesian archipelago's historical literature in general, but can also become an additional reference for Dutch scientists who research Islam in the archipelago, especially Snouck Hurgronje.
"Apart from providing advice to the Dutch Colonial government, including intelligence briefings on military surprise attacks in Aceh, Snouck Hurgronje's career is also related to his understanding of Islam," said Jajat.
Jajat added, "Starting from his encounters with a number of Indonesian Muslims, Snouck continued his research by observing the ways in which Javanese clerics practiced Islamic teachings until they developed into an established system. Through these observations, the level of penetration of Islam in the lives of Muslims can be measured."
Meanwhile, Jajang revealed that Snouck Hurgronje received assistance from a number of people in conducting research related to Islam in the archipelago. One of them is Haji Hasan Mustapa who is known as a famous scholar and poet in the land of Pasundan.
“Snouck and Hasan Mustapa first met in Mecca. Communication between the two continued after Snouck lived in the Dutch East Indies," said Jajang.
Hasan Mustapa was not just a brainstorming partner for Snouck. His ability to write and read Arabic script made him an important informant for Snouck and the Dutch colonial government. He also served as head of the chief princes in Kutaraja (1893–1895) and Bandung (1895–1917).
Wim van den Doel said that Snouck Hurgronje's discussion was not only about his role as an aide to the Dutch colonial government in quelling the resistance of the Acehnese people, which then made Snouck's figure often considered controversial because of his connection with colonialism in the past.
"Apart from his role as a state official who was sent to the colony, one of the reasons for research on Islam that Snouck studied was out of curiosity as a scientist and academic," said Van den Doel.
Meanwhile, Bonnie Triyana said that the interesting thing related to the discussion on Snouck Hurgronje is how today's society, especially the Indonesian people, see the figure of Snouck. He said that in a poll on social media, most of the public saw Snouck Hurgronje as a Dutch colonial spy, in addition to several others seeing Snouck as an academic and figure who played a role in reducing the resistance of the Acehnese people.
"Our need to see Snouck today may be different from several decades which were colored and influenced by very nationalistic and patriotic historiographical traditions, so that we often forget that in certain cases there are areas that we really need to explore in more detail," said Bonnie.
Bonnie emphasizes the importance of viewing history contextually as an effort to minimize views that generalize certain figures in history. "And what is more important is how to share this knowledge with the public so that the stigma does not continue," said Bonnie.
In line with Bonnie, Jajang also revealed that reading history needs to be done chronologically. "Don't jump, don't position figures in the past with our point of view in the present," said Jajang. "Because our perspective in the present is different from the past."
In this regard, Jajang said that Snouck's book: Scientist Biography Christian Snouck Hurgronje contributed to describing Snouck Hurgronje's complex life.*
Snouck Hurgronje's Two Sides
Snouck Hurgronje's Two SidesSnouck Hurgronje is better known as a controversial figure than as an academic and scientist.MOST Indonesians view Snouck...
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ALAMSYAH ARAFI Juli 17, 2023 Admin Bandung Indonesia10 Cara Menjadi Blogger yang Menghasilkan Uang dengan Cepat
1. Memilih Domain yang Mudah DiingatDomain atau nama dari sebuah alamat situs website merupakan salah satu hal yang perlu untuk diperhatikan, terlebih...
